Which of the following appliances typically operates on direct current (DC)?

The flashlight operates on direct current (DC) because it typically uses batteries as its power source, which provide a steady and constant flow of electric charge in one direction. Batteries are a common example of DC power because they produce electricity through electrochemical reactions that maintain a fixed polarity. This allows for the flashlight to work effectively, providing a simple and portable source of light.

In contrast, appliances like hair dryers, refrigerators, and washing machines usually operate on alternating current (AC). AC is the standard form of electrical power supplied to homes and businesses, and it alternates the direction of the current flow, making it more suitable for devices that require higher power for extended durations. Typically, these appliances are designed for more extensive energy use, which AC can efficiently deliver, particularly in larger household equipment where sustained operational power is necessary.